How can vasculitides be classified according to vessel size?

Inflammations of the blood vessels can be classified as follows: 

• Small-vessel vasculitis:

1. Churg-Strauss arteritis
2. Wegener granulomatosis
3. Microscopic polyangiitis
4. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
5. Essential cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
6. Hypersensitivity vasculitis
7. Viral-associated vasculitis
8. Rheumatic-associated vasculitis

• Medium-vessel vasculitis:

1. Polyarteritis nodosa
2. Kawasaki disease
3. CNS vasculitis
4. Raynaud's vasculitis

• Large-vessel vasculitis:

1. Takayasu arteritis
2. Giant cell arteritis

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What is tourette syndrome?

It is a neuronal disease in which bouts of motor and phonic tics, repetitive and sudden movements or sounds, that occur in bouts and are followed by some behavioral and sensory changes like a compulsion to move and suppression of the tics.

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What are some common conditions associated with optic neuritis?

Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with following disorders:

Multiple sclerosis
Guillain-Barré syndrome

Multifocal demyelinating disease

Encephalomyelitis

Neuromyelitis

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What is hepatorenal syndrome?

Hepatorenal syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion and most commonly it follows bacterial peritonitis. It is renal failure, mainly a functional defect rather than a structural derangement as histology of the renal tissue
remains normal, in the patients with liver disease precipitating in portal hypertension and ascites. The condition has poor prognosis and can only be treated with liver transplantation.

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What are some known causes of obesity?

Obesity can be caused by

1. Over eating
2. Hypothalamic disfunction
3. HypothyroidismSmoking cessation
4. Insulinoma
5. Menopause
6. Cushings syndrome
7. Corticosteroids
8. Antipsychotics
9. Antidepressants

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How can lung cancer cause hyper pigmentation?

There are two cases in which a lung cancer can lead to hyper pigmentation in skin:

1. Metastasis:

• Adrenals are the most common site of metastasis for a lung cancer
• Lung cancer metastasizes to the adrenals
• Destroyed adrenal cortex
• Decreases cortical hormones
• Decreased cortisol in turn increased hypothalamic CRH production (Negative feedback)
• That leads to increased pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) production and breakdown
• Breakdown of POMC yields beta MSH, beta endorphin and ACTH
• MSH (little) and ACTH (mainly) increase melanin content of the skin
• Increased melanin in skin leads to hyper pigmentation

This case is more like Addisons because adrenal cortex is destroyed by malignancy.

2. Ectopic ACTH
It can produce hyperpigmentation rarely because

• The disease course is not long enough
• ACTH structure may differ from that produced in pituitary as POMC is produced only in pituitary including specific amino acids in pituitary ACTH that are necessary for their action in skin receptors

This case is more like Cushings because the adrenal cortical hormones increase due to ectopic ACTH.

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What are the causes of hematuria?

Presence of red blood cells in urine is known as hematuria. It can be due to many causes such as:

1. Exercise
2. Abdominal trauma
3. Abdominal/Pelvic surgery
4. Catheters
5. Foreign body 
6. Renal trauma
7. Bladder trauma 
8. Ureteral trauma
9. Torture
10. Sexual abuse
11. Cancers (25-30% of adults having hematuria have malignant neoplasms)
12. Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
13. Urinary tract infections
14. Radiation nephritis
15. Radiation cystitis 
16. Tubulointerstitial nephritis (Acute and Chronic)
17. Goodpasture disease
18. IgA nephropathy
19. Renal tumors
20. Benign tumors
21. Endometriosis in urinary system
22. Nephritis due to SLE
23. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
24. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
25. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
26. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
27. Wegener granulomatosis
28. Endocarditis
29. Visceral organs abscesses
30. Schistosomiasis
31. Hypercalciuria
32. Polycystic kidney disease
33. Renal cyst
34. Thin basement menbrane nephropathy
35. Tuberculsis
36. Syphilis
37. Alport syndrome
38. Fabry disease
39. Nail-patella syndrome
40. Renal tubular acidosis type 1
41. Hemophilia and other bleeding disorders
42. Sickle cell anemia
43. Hemangioma
44. Arteriovenous malformations
45. Nutcracker syndrome
46. Renal artery/vein thrombosis
47. Thromboembolism in renal vessels
48. Analgesics
49. Oral contraceptives
50. Aminoglycosides
51. Cyclosporine
52. Chinese herbs
53. Urethral valve strictures
54. Hydronephrosis
55. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
56. Stent after ureteral stone removal operation by ureteroscope

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